Application Value of DR Photography in Diagnosis of Rib Fractures

#x-ray##digital radiography##medical device# At present, with the rapid development of construction, transportation, etc. All kinds of accidents occurred frequently in our country, among them, the rise in chest trauma is very obvious. Our various accidents occur frequently, which is very significant increase in chest trauma. According to investigation statistics. Materials and Methods Chest trauma, rib fractures highest incidence, accounting for about 87.6% ⋯. This study was to explore the clinical value of DR photography rib fracture diagnosis, retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 204 cases of patients with rib fractures, the results reported below.

Materials and Methods

Select from June 2013 to June 2014 rib fractures were treated in our hospital 204 cases of the study, the clinical symptoms are manifested as pain when squeezing chest pain when coughing and breathing becomes stronger Some patients exist local swelling, congestion phenomenon, at the same time with the difficulties. 204 cases of patients, male 140 cases, female 64 cases; age of 19.73 years, mean (46.4 ± 5.2) years. Because of traffic accidents resulting in rib fractures in patients 98 cases. Accounting for 48.04%; 52 cases of patients with fractures caused by falls, accounting for 25.49%; 44 cases was caused by assault, accounting for 21.57%; 10 cases was due to other causes. Accounting for 4.90%. All patients underwent routine x-ray examination after the line DR photography.

The method will be set in the value DR diagnosis of 141 kV, and the use of AEC automatic exposure, obtain the data sent to the server in order to obtain an image. Conventional x-ray exposure conditions for 65.85 kv, mAs of 12.5 ~ 25 mAs. When using two methods for diagnosis, all patients were treated with the same position, so that more scientific and accurate discussion of the differences between the two late. To shoot a film close to the injured area, including the position left, right position and standing position, the patient in this process need breath, and after the diaphragm, the diaphragm rib sheet printed out separately. May exist for patients with fractures, it is necessary to increase beat their left anterior or right anterior oblique ribs. For chest X-ray did not explicitly shown in patients with fractures and clinical symptoms were consistent with, and they have taken the line tangential way, and pay attention to the alignment of the thoracic tangent point tenderness. You can select the appropriate position on the basis of the patient's own specific circumstances. And then arrange several senior doctors to analyze the ribs image for final confirmation, then you can refer to the following criteria: ① complete fracture: fracture line runs through the ribs cortex, and there are angled at its ends, and inserted into the phenomenon of displacement; ② Incomplete fracture: Trauma and Injury obvious location is more suspicious, while there is one side of the cortex uplift or breakage.

A closer look at patient x-ray showing what characteristics. While recording with conventional x-ray photography for clinical diagnosis rate DR rib fracture diagnosis, misdiagnosis rate.

Methods to summary and analysis of the data, using SPSS 17.0 software for statistical processing, count data using the number of cases and percentage.. Comparative Application x2 test, with P <0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference.

Result

According to test results showed the fracture, rib fractures in 204 patients. A total of 398 the number of fractures. Which it is located 247 arch rib fractures, located in front of the rib has 55, located behind the ribs there are 96. Divided according to the degree of fracture, incomplete fracture patients have 58 cases. The remaining 146 cases, compared with patients with complete fractures.

Conventional × optical initial diagnosis of rib fracture results in comparison with the DR 204 cases when patients with newly diagnosed, conventional x-ray diagnosis was 81.16%, misdiagnosis rate was 18.84%; DR Photography diagnosis rate of 92.46 percent, missedIt was 7.54%, significantly different statistically significant (P <0.05).

Discuss

Since the ribs for the bow, and in the broader scope of the chest and abdomen are rendered as curved space, and basically take shape gradually inclined from the upper portion at the front, increasing to 9 ribs at the start decreasing. By its form on, people once suffered chest injuries, rib fractures are much more. Because older children rib elastic and therefore less fracture phenomena and adults, the elderly due to the gradual decline in function, loose between the ribs, with greater brittleness. Therefore, multiple fractures in adults and the elderly. Rib fractures affected how and where the force, the final results are different, for example if due to external violence, once broken bones, the end result may appear the phenomenon of blood pneumothorax or chest wall hematoma. Both Jl green shape with respect to a serious threat to human life. The application of conventional x-ray to check, because of its film and processing times longer, there may be delays in the best timing of treatment. Based on this, DR digital imaging system has been widely used. DR direct digital photography is photography, first underwent x-ray capture, and image data obtained after the images are stored in the board. Then after reading through the means, the image displayed on the computer after the conversion process by grayscale images will be displayed. It is capable of image latitude, sharpness and contrast adjustment, can effectively compensate for the lack of conventional x-ray.

For conventional x-ray, most fractures are able to diagnose. For some of the more minor fracture Missed appears obvious place, mainly due to the rib shape, X-ray density is not high resolution and image overlay effects. Then lead to medical disputes. The DR photography with the higher density resolution and exposure latitude, for tissue density difference of less than 1% of the object can tell the difference. Therefore DR Photography can get richer and clearer than conventional x-ray image. In the present study, when 204 cases of newly diagnosed patients, conventional x-ray diagnosis was 81.16%, DR photographic diagnosis was 92.46%. And then visit, conventional X-ray diagnostic rate was 69.33%. DR diagnosis was 90.00%, compared to a significant difference (P <0.05). The results of the present results with the Luo evening glow similar. Thus, the application of DR photography has a high detection rate when diagnosing rib fracture.

In this study. Missed or there. When diagnosed, conventional x-ray missed diagnosis rate was 18.84%; DR Photography missed diagnosis rate was 7.54%. Then referral, conventional x-ray missed diagnosis rate was 30.67%, DR misdiagnosis rate of 1,000 percent. After clinical analysis.It found that there may be several reasons: ① ribs were many pleural effusion covered. Affect its display; ② tissues and organs below the diaphragm ribs and overlaps difficult to show fracture status: ③ intense pain fracture patients, it is difficult with the physician rotated position, resulting in the axillary line rib angle is difficult to display. At the same time exposure conditions. Appropriate exposure conditions and position. While adhering film-reading system, making the choice of complementary inspection methods. This can effectively reduce the rate of misdiagnosis.

In summary, the rib fractures do not exist independently in the chest, once on the chest trauma. Pleural effusion, pulmonary contusion and complications can occur. So for rib fractures in patients with more severe cases, it is recommended to use DR photography mode. DR Photography can effectively improve the detection rate, less time-consuming, with high clinical value, should be introduced.

 Contact Person:

Sandy

Beijing World Great Trade Co.,Ltd.

Tel:​  86 10 64154668

Skype: sun.sandy

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Email: sandy.sun@worldgreat.cn

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Introduction

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Skin beauty instrument use:

1, there is beauty and skin beauty instrument repair two probes, if necessary, select and install the probe. Replace probe method: Hold skin analyzer, rotated to tighten the probe prepared under the cap, replace the desired probe, tighten the cap to the probe prepared.

2, to probe water. When the water inside the suit is equipped with a water injector pump full of pure water, and then unscrew the water holes knob repeatedly to water injection wells, filled with water after a water hole and tighten the knob, whether there are air (bubbles) within the observation probe; if bubbles larger than 5 mm, unscrew the knob can be re-equipment 45 ° tilt angle, the bubbles move to discharge water holes, water holes again water until no bubble is the best state.

1. Connect the power connection to the host.

4, turn on the device. Press and hold the machine's power switch for 3 seconds, power, the device is in standby mode and does not start work.

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6, skin analyzer skin stalls were set four: Ⅰ gear; Ⅱ gear; Ⅲ gear; Ⅳ gear. First-time users recommend starting from Ⅰ stalls, gradually increase, and ultimately determine their own care range. At the time of initial use of the device, it is best carried out in the back of the hand test: a small amount of product evenly coated on the back (dorsal skin to probe linear movement, to move freely for the degree), to begin work by levels, according to the step by step, by the low to high principles to select the gear to comfortable and appropriate, such as tingling or discomfort is down a gear.

1. Liberally in the face of import goods, according to a suitable position in facial massage treatment, nursing time is set to zero after reaching digital display, the instrument will beep, press and hold the power key for 3 seconds, the instrument close Nursing end

Contact Person:

 Sandy

Beijing World Great Trade Co.,Ltd.

Tel:​  86 10 64154668

Skype: sun.sandy

Linkedin: Sandy Sun

Email: sandy.sun@worldgreat.cn

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/digitalradiographychina

Web1: http://www.worldgreathealthcare.com

Web2: http://worldgreat.en.alibaba.com

Address: West zone, Long Lake Paradise Walk, Changying, Beijing, China.

Realize the Importance of Conventional Radiation Digitized

#x-ray machine#1. The realization of the need for conventional radiation digitized

By the late 20th century, the development of computer technology, human society has undergone enormous changes, which already is an indisputable fact. As the computer operating system giant - the United States, Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates said: twenty-first century will be the century of the biological sciences. The research and development of biological sciences

The fundamental purpose is to serve humanity itself. Medicine is most closely connected with our human life science, because the object it is the direct study of humanity itself. The study of morphological changes, medical research is one of the most important way, radiological precisely at the forefront of medical morphology. This is the medical radiological located in modern science category status. The development of technology, improvement of living standards, people are increasingly concerned about their health. We have a responsibility to the latest achievements of today's science and technology development, applied to human health services to meet the growing needs of people. The conventional digital radiography represents the latest development of computer technology in the medical field.

"System has gradually been" replaced by medical insurance "system. Patients to designated hospitals for medical treatment from the past, into the present have more right to choose the hospital. These changes to hospital services, development and even survival, have raised the The new requirements of advanced diagnostic equipment, advanced management concepts, advanced medical technology, patients will undoubtedly play a decisive role in the choice of hospital, the hospital is also an important means of attracting and retaining patients.

To meet the fierce competition in the medical market will emerge, the hospital is necessary from now on be prepared to respond to changing circumstances. If you still like the past: do not pay attention to economic accounting, not discuss a cost, there will be no way out. Only the hospital running the direct or indirect costs minimized; unified, rational allocation of resources throughout the hospital, in order to maintain the competitiveness of the hospital, as well as long-term, stable, healthy and sustainable development. The radiographic digitized fundamental purpose is "filmless" (ifl m les s): developer, fixer, washing machine, darkroom staff, even darkroom itself is no longer needed. This is to reduce operating costs, improve labor efficiency, reduce pollution and protect the environment, raise the possibility.

With the progress of the development of the medical profession, the hospital's mode of social functioning from the original single "visit a doctor" model, that is "external services" based model, into a patient and services necessary to meet the "external services" mode, but also to meet domestic medical professionals, in-house staff the various needs of "domestic service" models coexist. The only way to improve medical quality, improve service levels. Before that in response to the consultation, case discussion, or writing medical papers, and spend a few days time, a search of the entire film library to find information in the case of archives, should no longer happen.

If carefully Some will find: state medical regulations are quietly changing, the gradual introduction passage way with international standards. That is, from the past to the hospital as the center, into a patient interests as the starting point of pattern. Our judicial system is one of "who accused, who proof." But there was a dispute in the medical treatment, from the perspective of protecting the weak and the interests of the people starting from the past by the patient presented evidence that medical errors or malpractice; being transferred to a hospital and evidence is not a medical error or medical direction of the incident up. Therefore, as the film image of one of the important medical documents, will play a role in protecting the hospital itself, and its internal personnel is important evidence. But the loss of the film image, after damage, is unable to reproduce. Digital images can solve this problem..

Image quality is good or bad the film image in the moment of exposure have been identified. Meet the requirements, or do not meet the requirements, it can not be changed again. If a technical mistake, only to again. This will result in the patient and the operator again radiation damage; increased losses of the machine; film waste of resources, and so on. Digital images can be put an end to these situations fundamentally.

Internet (interne t) and PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System, image storage and transmission systems) appears, for the Digital Hospital (Digital Hospital), telemedicine (tele a medicine) may bring. But you want to assign into practice, we must first realize the digitization of information, of course, including digital imaging information. These can also be said that conventional radiographic digitized significance. So, in what ways, and how to digitize conventional radiography it? This used to be for many years, many people of goal. CR and DR technologies emerge, brought us a ray of hope.

C R and D R imaging technology

CR (Computed Radiography Computed Radiography), CR was first developed by Kodak (KODAK), Japan's Fuji was first commercialized. It is the use of light-sensitive material image plate (lmaging Plate IP) on - fluorine barium halide crystals (Barium Fluorohalide) after X-ray irradiation, electron energy obtained therein, leapt to a higher energy level, causing changes in the crystal structure . Analog image thus formed, to form a latent image left in the IP board, this is the first fire. IP plate after laser scanning fluorescence of the electron in the form of energy is released, and then back to the original level, this is the second shot. Fluorescence emitted by a photomultiplier tube to collect, converted to electrical signals, after computer processing to form a digital image. This is C R imaging principle. CR technology is the most important feature: you can directly digitize the original X-ray machines without any modification to the machine, or purchase new equipment in addition to other laser scanners outside. lP board as X-ray film, as installed in a special magazine, repeatedly. Therefore, it can be easily used in the mobile X-ray equipment, such as bedside radiography, mobile C-arm and the like; of course, can be used on all stationary X-ray film equipment. CR technology is inadequate: it is a kind of indirect conversion, indirect readout mode, can not be avoided in the image information processing, there is a scattering and information loss and other issues. Moreover, soft IP plate during use, between the laser scanner mechanical friction, impact IP board of life, about life in general IP board from 3000 to 1000. In other words: It is actually a consumable operation must be constantly updated.

DR (Digital Radiography; digital radiography), DR type and brand variety, its imaging principle is also different; but they are using the principle of photoelectric conversion of digitization. Segmentation, classification in photoelectric conversion way: there is a transformation;Secondary transformation;Direct conversion;Indirect conversion, etc To probe the structure of Classification: overall flat type splicing pattern line scan type. Such as: the use of line scanning method are: low-dose digital X-ray machines use a flat-panel digital detector technology are: CCD lotus  silicon detector; Amorphous selenium detectors. Overall, in addition to low-dose digital x-ray machine is used to scan mode imaging, all flat detectors are based on direct imaging exposure; therefore, not only a good spatial resolution, time resolution is also very good. So you can manually digitized moving images of conventional radiotherapy. This is the flat-panel detectors occupy a dominant market position in an important reason.

Conventional radiography can be divided into static images and motion pictures into two categories. Their respective digitally is not quite the same. Static conventional radiographic digitization: Includes all plain film radiology taken daily, making the film (such as the head, limbs, chest and abdomen, intravenous urography, etc.), these images are available through CR or DR approach to digitization. Previous opponents to shoot film, film scanners can be used, will be converted into digital information after the film scanning. Dynamic conventional radiographic digitization: mainly refers to chest X-ray, gastrointestinal barium meal, and all dynamic imaging. These images CR and low-dose digital X-ray machine is powerless: Only with the image intensifier + CCD (or camera tube) approach, as well as flat-type detector can be used for dynamic tests. And with the dynamic flat detectors of practical, image intensifier way will gradually fade into history. Today, many foreign companies have launched a dynamic flat detector, but the image area is only 9 x9 inches in size; and the United States HO -L OGI C is investigating 14 xl 7-inch dynamic flat detector.

3 Summary

Digital is the fundamental way out and the only way of conventional radiography. If you do not go this way, it can not meet the needs of their work routine radiation, and the patient's medical care, the growing demand for quality health care, can not keep up the pace of development. Regardless of whether the hospital is now the only way one has realized the importance of conventional radiographic digitization, which will be established conventional radiation direction of development, this trend will not change. Just that you are consciously or unconsciously active, or passive; go early or late to go this route only. Of course, it also involves people upfront capital investment (due to the amount of use of the film decreased or disappeared, and no darkroom aspect of consumption, the cost is gradually recovered), the image on the computer used by the staff retraining and other issues

From the technology point of view, combined with the current situation in Europe, the United States and other developed areas: c R and DR technology in the future will continue to coexist for some time, but no doubt it will replace DR CR. After the CR will play a supporting role in the DR, used in applications such: emergency room. Wards, operating theaters. Orthopedics reset other places. Therefore, the proposed newly intend to introduce digital technology to the hospital should be fully aware of this trend, in the selection of priority DR, or DR based, CR supplement. Especially when the two fairly priced, even more so. Avoid duplication of investment, ineffective investment.

Comparison of DR and DF--Low Dose DR supplier

Comparison of DR and DF

#Digital radiography# In the 21st century, digital technology and network technology rapid development, businesses are speeding up the pace of going digital, hospitals are the best way to improve the quality of medical imaging it is to make digital imaging. In the field of radiology, we have CT, MRI, DSA and other digital gastrointestinal digital medical equipment; X-ray imaging technology in recent years has accelerated the pace of march to digital. FPD is the second CR came into being after the all-digital X-ray imaging technology revolution is another key achievements and progress. So the birth of FPD known as the following image intensifier (II-VT) came 25 years to the most significant technological breakthroughs in the field of X-ray.

Characteristics of digital images

It refers to a fully digital image in a regular set of digital shape pattern, its features are: gray dynamic range, high density resolution, good linearity, rich layers, post-acquisition mode can be processed. No matter what way, those who can digital technology used in computer processing, storage, flat X-ray photography image displayed is called digital radiology (digital radiology, DR). Obtaining digitized images: X line of digital images that can be obtained through the following four ways or transfer: (1) Film Digitizer (Film Digitizer), such as film DR field - scanner system; (2) Computer X-ray photography CR ( Computed Radiography); (3) non-direct conversion technology (Indirect Conversion Technology), the imaging device is the use of this type of X-ray image by X-ray film or image intensifier is converted to a digital signal methods, such as a scintillator and digital -CCD X-ray (DigitalX-ray Flouoroscopy, DF) mechanism in the field of digital IIT system; (4) direct conversion technology (Direct Conversion Technology), is the second CT, MRI, CR after another new video imaging technology, including flat-type , linear array detector scan imaging [1, 4-12]. The first three are indirect, the fourth approach is a direct way.

Flat panel detector (FPD)

Also known as the digital detector, which consists of a scintillator, thin-film photovoltaic diode array and a thin film transistor (TFT) array of, X-ray through the reflective layer to be absorbed by the scintillator, excited electrons and holes on the applied electric field Motion is transmitted to the lower layer and the photodiode, converted into an electric signal, junction capacitance staging charge. The electrical pulses (about 13V) is applied to the gate TFT, TFT is turned on, put the charge stored in the drain electrode to read out the data at the source (read) line, after the data readout amplifier (charge amplifier) ​​Enlarge , and further processing by the A / D converted digital image signals formed corresponding pixel; i.e., capable of receiving the X-ray signal is directly converted into a digital signal. FPD arranged in diode array, each corresponding to a pixel TFT, TFT determines how much the number of pixels, high level of integration to ensure the small distance between the centers of adjacent pixels. FPD spatial resolution that is transmitted mainly by the modulation function (modulation transfer function, MTF) decided by the size of the pixel TFT to ensure and enhanced. FPD high radiation absorption rate, conversion rate and high signal transmission capacity, the overall high radiation sensitivity characteristic, effective gain correction and dark current correction, creating a DR system's high dynamic range (2000: 1, 4000: 1 or more high), low density excellent resolution performance, quality and low dose imaging. In short, FPD represented the many advantages of the film outside of each high performance digital imaging X-ray detector: quantum efficiency Doses small, large dynamic range, latitude photographing conditions, good linear detector characteristic curve, can truthfully Human density structure, image density, high resolution, rich diagnostic information and general advantages of digital X-ray imaging system --- can facilitate a variety of image processing, analysis, measurement, best display, imaging extensions, no film preservation, energy and a variety of diagnostic tools and Infiltrating the resulting image even merge complementary treatment can be achieved through digital network digital video transmission between departments or between different places and so on, but also has other advantages unmatched system.

FPD-DR system

DR (Digital X-ray radiography) X-ray is the new darling of the field, it's the birth of making the majority of the high-tech X-ray workers saw the enormous advantages and a bright future.

DR imaging system produces mainly four aspects: (1) X ray detector; (2) the digitization process, which generated or read from the input signal to a digital image; (3) image processing systems; (4) the image display record

And traditional X-ray screen - film imaging systems compared, FPD-DR system has the following advantages: space (1) images and high resolution and low-contrast identification rate. Digital image processing, greatly improving the image quality, it has a richer, delicate diagnostic information. (2) imaging the dynamic range (10 times the available conventional systems), good linearity. Data shows that cesium iodide digital board GE's non-splicing film systems using quantum capture efficacy (detective quantum efficiency, DQE) up to 60% or more (while DQE traditional film system is only about 20%), low contrast observation capacity increased by 45% to obtain the same image quality of X-ray dose savings of up to 60% or more, the film anteroposterior chest X-ray dose of just 1-3mAs. DR also has a variety of digital image processing, image processing through different methods, to meet a variety of different diagnostic needs. (3) The afterglow small, to do rapid acquisition. FPD in a large number of pixels in the image data stored in the working efficiency of DR chest GE system is equivalent to the efficiency of 2.6 ordinary film machine, complete and lateral chest X-ray taken only 2 .18min, and general equipment needs 6. 05min; image from exposure to full-screen display on the monitor just 5s. (4) reduce the exposure dose. FPD due to the high sensitivity, wide sensitivity range, you can increase the tolerance of photography conditions while reducing dose X-ray photography, X-ray dose than conventional X-ray photography to be lower by 10% to 30% [2]. (5) save resources and improve efficiency. Because of greatly reducing the film using traditional film, reducing the remake, washing, thus reducing the workload of the technical staff, but also reduces the washing machine, medicine, film management to improve work efficiency. (6) high DQE, low dose and small afterglow characteristics, DR can make fast and efficient machine for cardiac signal acquisition. Digital (7) of the image into the hospital network provides a digital platform. Since taking into account the requirements of image quality and network transmission, with the standard DICOM (medical digital communications protocol) transmission, DICOM storage, DICOM print, the connection RIS (Radiology Information System) and HIS (hospital information system) it is very easy to make PACS ( picture archiving and communication systems) as possible.

FPD-DR imaging system is fixed, not with the original X-ray machine used in combination. It can directly display images, imaging speed, easy to operate, eliminating the hard work of carrying cassette operation, improve work efficiency. The great potential of the imaging system, the first of its DQE high, wide dynamic range, and the image signal contains more gray, window technology can be applied to enhance the display of information in different gray stages. X-rays directly into electrical signals, avoiding the fluorescence scattering loss of detail caused by sharp, so that the image sharpness and high resolution. FPD-DR resolution limit depends on the size of the TFT (pixel), the smaller the pixel resolution of the advantages are more prominent.

FPD-DF system

FPD fluoroscopy system if used, it can order a when the four, which replaces the image intensifier FPD, optical systems, cameras and ADC, to avoid the above-mentioned every aspect caused by distortion, noise and resolution decreases.

A long time, the main use of IIT + optocoupler + imaging device to get real-time X-ray image signal, multi-use TV camera tube past as an imaging device to obtain an analog image signal, after analog-digital conversion can also be converted into a digital image. Using CCD imaging device, each unit output signal that is corresponding image pixel signals Serve quantized digital information. This traditional DF system signal detection system, bulky, clinical application impede or permit doctors to give patients a lot of the required image angle at the time. Although CCD compact, but because it is not satisfied with the work at low brightness, nor from IIT. Multi-class system signal format conversion, signal loss and noise introduced many links, DQE will be reduced. By the imaging device and IIT and other factors, the differential rate system space restrictions caused by the differential rate is poor. Meanwhile, IIT and the front surface optics are non-ideal cause image distortion. IIT also susceptible to magnetic fields. Small size, light weight, excellent performance, low environmental requirements of FPD, IIT system is an ideal alternative.

FPD DF system for imaging, fluoroscopy generated to meet at 26 to 30 frames per second. Generates a frame image in a very short time interval to complete the exposure, a large number of pixels is read out line by line in the signal data, various corrections in real time, real-time correlation recursive filtering steps, which requires a high FPD sufficient time resolution and sufficiently small hysteresis characteristic.

In order to ensure good image quality perspective, FPD-noise ratio must be high enough level. This requires a lower tube voltage, tube current perspective small conditions can still get an image in a short time exposure image signal intensity and low background noise, the use of DF FPD stronger signal, lower noise are demanded only FPD for DR is more prominent and harsh. Under certain conditions, FPD temporal resolution DF meet requirements; such as by optimizing the design and manufacturing processes, the use of the larger size of the pixel or the adjacent small binning, FPD image size restrictions and other measures to ensure that generates a very short time frame performance meets or exceeds the image intensifier fluoroscopy imaging system image. DR uses FPD is greater technological progress, trying to inherit and carry forward the excellent performance FPD DR purposes but need the right amount at the expense of some technical indicators, focusing on strengthening and DF meet product requirements.

DF uses the frequency characteristics of FPD than smaller pixel size is only for DR purposes FPD badly, but still has optimum MTF characteristics. Higher FPD-DF of DQE. Small hysteresis, effective memory effect correction, very strict noise suppression to keep the use of FPD DF inherited the excellent characteristics of linearity DR uses the FPD. DF FPD uses only fast readout of all the pixels in the image data, and also quickly transfer the digitized image data is generated to the television display system. Low noise, large enough to signal storage capacitor, gain real-time correction and dark current correction, 12-14 bit A / D conversion, to ensure that inherited the large dynamic range characteristics. FPD-DF or quasi real-time system can obtain high-quality images in real-time perspective.

FPD Application of DR and DF have a good start. FPD replacement screen - film and image intensifier system is the trend. Currently, FPD price is also more expensive, in the application there are some limitations such as FPD people still can not do the various parts of the wish-ray fluoroscopy and radiography requirements of the various parts. With further enhance the performance and functionality of FPD prices decline further and applied research further, FPDDR and FPD-DF systems will become indispensable equipment of Radiology. Will better serve the clinical, medical personnel and all mankind.